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This document provides guidelnes for completing species
accounts for the North American Raptor Monitoring Strategy (NARMS).
If you contribute substantively to a species account you will be
listed as an author for that account. When more than one person
volunteers identifya lead author or coordinator and tell Kirk Bates
who that person is. It will be up to contributors to decide authorship
and order of authors’ names on the account. The Strategy will be
produced as a co-edited report to PWRC and the FWS. Species accounts
will appear as individually authored chapters in the document. The
strategy document will be written and presented in a manner suitable
for distribution in a bureau report series or journal monograph.
We encourage persons to volunteer for work on these species accounts.
Different persons can develop certain topic areas based on their
expertise, thus ensuring thorough coverage of topics and sharing
of the workload.
Below we first provide some general comments and information
on how and where to find data for your species, followed by specific
instructions for completing various sections of the species accounts.
The revised Merlin species account (Ayers et al.) is available on
the NARMS website:
http://srfs.wr.usgs.gov/research/narms1.html
See Appendix
I (this document) for a listing of other websites relevant to
the NARMS project.
Also, remember that the Raptrend
list serve is the forum for open discussion related to NARMS development.
GENERAL COMMENTS
The goal of the NARMS is to provide natural resource managers and
researchers a framework and background material with which to monitor
raptor population status and generate reliable information. This
involves recommending appropriate sampling designs and field survey
procedures that can be applied consistently through time to meet
predetermined statistical criteria. The objective is to produce
a time series of counts that can be tested for a magnitude of change,
which when reached will be used as a decision point for additional
research or management action. In other words, if the counts have
declined by 50% in 25 years (or less if detectable) research of
the cause of the decline or management to stop the decline will
be implemented.
The North American Raptor Monitoring Strategy will
consist of individual species accounts and a synthesis identifying
the best techniques and most efficient approaches for long-term
monitoring of all diurnal raptors in North America, south to the
subtropics of Mexico.The species accounts will include details to
support conclusions about how well each species is monitored, by
what methods, in what geographic areas, and during what seasons
of the year.Completing these accounts will require the following
basic steps:
- Review of the literature for relevant life history
information, existing monitoring programs, survey methods, and
data useful for monitoring the species you selected.
- Evaluation of strengths and weaknesses in existing
monitoring programs with respect to methodology, geographic coverage,
and seasonal coverage, and suggestions for their use.
- Description of existing procedures for overcoming
weaknesses in existing monitoring.
- Recommendation of new approaches where appropriate.
Terminology.Toward achieving consistent
use of terminology throughout the species accounts and NARMS in
general, use the terms and well-established definitions contained
in Ralph (1981) and Koford et al. (1994).If you must deviate from
these sources or use terms or phrases in different contexts, provide
definitions the first time you use them.For example, we envision
that most often the word “population” will refer to a group
of coexisting conspecific individuals delineated by geographic
area, rather than by traditional genetic criteria.
Evaluation Criteria.The original criteria
for evaluating existing monitoring data, and for the design of new
monitoring programs for NARMS, have not changed since they were
proposed at the 1996 NARMS workshop in Boise, Id:
Ensure, at a minimum, the ability to
detect a 50% reduction in population size over a 25-year period
with alpha = 0.10 and beta = 0.20; with the expectation that power
to detect trends for the majority of species would be much greater.
Assistance with analyses and survey design.
Information about and examples of how to apply these criteria can
be found in Gibbs et al. (2000) and Lewis and Gould (2000). Sam
Droege, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, will apply these
criteria to selected raptor count data sets.If you think you have
data that might be appropriate, please contact Sam to discuss the
analyses (FROG@usgs.gov).
Sam will take requests from species account contributors to help
with power analyses of your data sets. He’ll decide if they
are amenable to analyses, and if so, provide suggestions for analyzing
them. On 9 November 2000 during the NARMS workshop at the Raptor
Research Foundation meeting in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Sam presented
examples and gave an overview of power analyses in a tutorial.
More general consideration of designing monitoring
programs is readily available in Bonney et al. (1999).
http://www.birds.cornell.edu/pifcapemay/
In Bonney et al. the section “Population and habitat
assessment: monitoring bird populations over large areas” is relevant
to our tasks, especially the chapters of: Introduction by J.R. Sauer
and R.J. Cooper; Statistical considerations in monitoring birds
over large areas by D.H. Johnson; Monitoring is not enough: on the
need for a model based approach to migratory bird management by
J.D. Nichols; and Combining information from monitoring programs:
complications associated with indices and geographic scale by J.R.
Sauer. John Sauer presented an analyses of Christmas Bird
Count data at the NARMS workshop in Arkansas.
Issues of Geographic Scale.The goal
for NARMS is to monitor raptors at the continental scale and “regional”
scales.NARMS will NOT focus on trends at local levels (e.g., at
the scale of a park or national forest). At the continental scale
we want to be able to address the question: Is there a trend in
the counts (survey data) of each raptor species in North America?
The Steering Committee, with advice from various advisors, has not
found a certain scale(s) other than continental coverage to implement
at this time. There are several scales to consider for the regional
level(s). You should provide recommendations about the size
of an area that must be surveyed to meet the NARMS criteria.
One, broad regional scale example is the North American
Flyway system.The flyways are relatively large portions of the continent:
Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.Their boundaries were
chosen because they reflect the general pathways used by many migrating
waterfowl. They coincide with some natural physiographic features
of the continent and they are familiar to federal, state, and provincial
managers who have used them since the mid - 1900s to manage waterfowl,
and more recently, all migratory birds.
Another possibility is to use ecoregions. There are
numerous delineations of ecoregions (Ricketts et al.1999). To give
you an idea of the size of these regions, there are 118 of them
for the U.S.A. and Canada, and 44 more for all of Mexico (i.e.,
tropical areas included) in the categorization by Ricketts et al.
(1999: 8-10).Some are large, such as the Northwestern Mixed Grasslands
that covers parts of several states and provinces, a few are small,
such as the Everglades Ecoregion. Another, common, ecoregion classification,
which was adapted in part in Ricketts et al. is Bailey’s Ecoregions
(Bailey 1995).
The North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI)
currently has delineated about 70 Bird Conservation Regions (BCR)
available
as a jpeg file, a variation on ecoregions. These BCRs include
all of North America. About 20 of them occur in “tropical” Mexico,
beyond the NARMS area of coverage. Information about the Initiative
and a map of aggregated USA BCRs can be found at:http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/nacwcp/nabcidr.pdf
This map is of the U.S. A. We are attaching another
file, a “jpeg” map of the BCRS.We have a CD from which we can provide
you with an Arcview and Arcinfo compatible electronic version of
the map, or if you wish, we’ll mail paper copies.A variety of government
(including our sponsors, the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Fish
and Wildlife) and non-government organizations (e.g., American Bird
Conservancy) participate in the NABCI, and they are pushing to use
BCRs as the standard regional scale, so please give them careful
consideration as the basis for a regional scale monitoring sample.
If a species is distributed across more than one BCR, you can combine
or aggregate BCRs to provide the appropriate geographic coverage
needed to achieve sampling necessary to meet the NARMS criteria.
The website noted above illustrates an aggregation of BCRs to a
broader scale.
Upon learning which scales are suggested by species
account authors, the Steering Committee will select a common regional
scale(s).
Adoption of the continental and a regional scale(s)
DOES NOT preclude monitoring smaller areas in which subspecies and
special case populations are distributed.Government organizations
must consider subspecies and populations for some situations, such
as Endangered Species Act issues.Authors of species accounts should,
when appropriate, justify and recommend monitoring in areas relevant
to subspecies and populations.Ecoregion or flyway boundaries might
need to be ignored to create an area in which a monitoring effort
is most appropriate for the distribution of a species, subspecies,
or population.The occurrence of habitat or land cover is another
factor that might require sampling across geopolitical or ecoregion
boundaries.
Also, you should describe and reference local efforts
that use sound field procedures and address statistical objectives
that could satisfy our criteria.More extensive application of such
local surveys might be a way to monitor the species in a larger
area or in a certain season.The challenge is to consistently
apply a repeatable survey method and sample design (see Statistical
considerations in monitoring birds over large areas by D.H. Johnson,
in Bonney et al. 1999) that provides enough counts in an area, over
a long-enough period, to detect a trend in the counts, using the
statistical criteria given above.
Issues of counts, demographics, and measures.
NARMS likely will emphasize monitoring by use of counts. It is unlikely
that specific demographic parameters (e.g., survival, nesting success,
productivity, recruitment) and models will be used widely for monitoring
because currently it is thought that applying a demographic approach
to continental raptor monitoring would be too costly. However, you
must present those cases in which the demographic approach has been
productive for understanding raptor population dynamics. This approach
can reveal much about the causes of increasing or decreasing population
trends. Additionally, you should provide information about those
cases in which raptor surveys and monitoring have been conducted
in association with other ecological monitoring (e.g., habitat monitoring,
contaminants monitoring) or wildlife, land management or landscape
activities (e.g., predator control, prescribed burns, water level
manipulation, grazing, farming practices). Monitoring in these contexts
can provide extremely valuable information for planning management
actions based on changing population levels (see Monitoring is not
enough: on the need for a model based approach to migratory bird
management by J.D. Nichols in Bonney et al. 1999).
INFORMATION SOURCES
Raptor Information System.Review of
the literature will be central to developing species accounts, and
should center on use of the Raptor Information System (RIS), currently
housed at the Richard R. Olendorff Memorial Library at the USGS
Snake River Field Station in Boise.The RIS comprises some 35,000
articles, reprints, and books largely devoted to raptors, many of
which are unpublished reports containing information about raptor
survey results. You may access the RIS at:
http://ris.wr.usgs.gov
The RRO Library contains hard copies of all 35,000
references.We can accommodate a limited number of requests for copying
of material not readily available in other libraries. For library
requests, contact Susan Toussaint at 208-426-5218 or at:
fresc_library@usgs.gov
The library's website address is:
http://srfs.wr.usgs.gov/library/library.html
The Birds
of North America.Currently, the American Ornithologists'
Union and Academy of Natural Sciences is producing the Birds
of North America (BNA), a compilation of authoritative species
accounts of birds that breed on the North American continent.These
accounts will be critical sources of information for all those developing
NARMS species accounts, as they are highly detailed yet concise.However,
it is important to remember that NARMS species accounts must not
"rehash" what is contained in the corresponding BNA chapters,
or other general species accounts (e.g., Palmer 1988, Johnsgard
1988, 1990, Snyder and Snyder 1991).Rather, you must selectively
use the literature and identify life history characteristics that
are important for survey design and monitoring.The BNA chapters
and other accounts will be useful in a variety of ways.The range
maps in many cases will present the most up-to-date information,
and the literature cited in the chapters might lead to other information
you will need.A list of completed BNA chapters for raptors is available
as Appendix II (this document).
The BNA website address is:
http://birds.cornell.edu/birdsofna/
Breeding Bird Survey.The North American
Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is a roadside survey program begun in
1966.It now consists of over 4,100 permanent active survey routes,
of which approximately 3,000 are surveyed early each summer.Though
many raptor species are detected on BBS surveys, many are encountered
at low frequencies.BBS data also are limited by roadside bias, unknown
relationship to population size, the lack of habitat specificity,
and poor or no coverage of species in some areas (i.e., low coverage
in boreal and arctic Canada; no coverage in Mexico).These factors
can limit usefulness of the data to long‑term estimates of
population change.Nevertheless, the BBS might provide critical monitoring
data for your species, and play a role in your species account.This
is for you to decide based on existing evaluations of those data
(e.g., Peterjohn and Sauer 1994, Peterjohn et al. 1995) and your
experience and evaluation.John Sauer is doing analyses in addition
to those presented by Fuller and Sauer at last's year's Raptor Research
Foundation meeting. Material from the presentation last year will
be available on the NARMS website.In some cases (e.g., subspecies
distribution), you might want to do your own evaluation, using the
established NARMS criteria.Keep in mind that possible modifications
of BBS techniques might improve detection of raptors, such as by
surveying BBS routes in different seasons, adding broadcasts of
calls during sampling, etc. (but see Fuller et al. 1987).These modifications
likely cannot be made within the current BBS protocol, but could
be proposed as new survey techniques.
The BBS website address is:
http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/bbs.html
Christmas Bird Count.The annual Audubon
Christmas Bird Count (CBC) has existed since 1900.Currently, nearly
1,700 counts are conducted each winter by local National Audubon
Society chapters throughout the continent.As with the BBS, the CBC
may be useful in developing individual species accounts to greater
or lesser extents.Again, limitations must be recognized, and data
from these counts must be evaluated based on the NARMS criteria.John
Sauer and Sam Droege of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center will
be analyzing CBC count data and the results will be made available.After
seeing these results, you might wish to consider further analyses
(e.g., based on subspecies or smaller geographic areas).
The website address for the CBC is:
http://www.im.nbs.gov/birds/cbc.html
Hawk Migration Association of North America.During
migration, raptors are counted at over 1,000 sites across North
America.It will be your job to evaluate the availability and suitability
of existing migration data for your species.HMANA was established
in 1974 to serve as an umbrella group for hawk migration researchers
across the continent.Among other activities, HMANA is in the process
of archiving raptor migration data from many count sites.You also
could contact HMANA's member organizations individually (e.g., HawkWatch
International, Hawk Mountain, the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory,
and others).HMANA will provide you with the addresses for these
organizations. HMANA's
website address is:
http://www.hmana.org
Be aware that the vast majority of migration counts
have not been conducted with enough statistical rigor to meet the
NARMS criteria, and not all counts contribute to the HMANA archives.On
the other hand, Lewis and Gould (2000) recently conducted power
analyses on raptor count data from 7 sites in the United States,
and found that large-scale population trends can be monitored
effectively for some raptor species, if count data are collected
consistently over long-enough periods.You will need to refer to
this paper to determine its relevance to your selected species.
Also, see the August 2000 Hawk Flights newsletter of HMANA for information
about its efforts to revise data collection and management and make
it useful for monitoring.
Other Existing Data Sets.As you review
the literature and make contacts with biologists and resource managers
regarding monitoring efforts for your species, look for other existing
data sets--in addition to the BBS, CBC, and raptor migration counts--that
might meet the NARMS criteria.If the data are published, you need
only to reference the work and discuss its implications.If the data
are not published, you should contact the responsible party and
determine if the data could be provided to you for an evaluation
of its usefulness to NARMS.
Natural Heritage Programs.In recent
years, many states and some Canadian provinces have developed natural
heritage programs (NHPs) aimed at collecting, storing, and disseminating
information on the status of plant and animal life within their
regions. NHP
efforts often focus on rare, threatened, and endangered species,
but some may have information relevant to your species as well.The
Steering Committee is currently in the process of determining where
these programs exist, and is obtaining information about other nongame
programs that might be relevant to the NARMS effort.We will keep
you posted about this information on the NARMS website.
Breeding Bird Atlases.Breeding bird
atlases have been published for a number of states and provinces.These
references contain excellent information on current breeding status
and historic changes in bird distributions.
State Field Guides and Journals.Many
states and provinces have their own field guides for birds and some
have their own ornithological journals.Journal articles, in particular,
may contain information about local raptor distributions and survey
efforts.It would be appropriate to check these sources, for example,
if you have questions about the distribution of your species in
certain areas.State wildlife and natural resource agencies also
can be good sources of information about local monitoring efforts.
MAPS.In 1989, the Institute for Bird
Populations established the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship
(MAPS) program.MAPS maintains a network of over 500 banding stations
aimed at tracking changes in productivity and survival of breeding
birds on a continental basis.The website address of this organization
is:
http://www.birdpop.org/maps.htm
GUIDELINES FOR SPECIES ACCOUNTS
The following are guidelines for addressing each of
the subject categories in your species account. The subject categories
correspond (closely but not exactly) to the Merlin outline mentioned
above.
INTRODUCTION
A. General Description
Each species account should begin with a brief general
description of the species in question. Discussion of the species'
distribution, habitat associations, and other life history factors
that are especially relevant to monitoring are appropriate here.
General comments about existing monitoring efforts and the challenges
involved in monitoring the species also can be mentioned here.
For sections below, specify factors make it difficult to do surveys
and gather data, and that confound analyses and interpretation
of results.
B. Species Characteristics
Here, you should begin detailing those
characteristics of the species that are relevant to monitoring.
1. Subspecies and Populations
Identify the distribution, behavior, migration patterns,
habitat use, etc., of distinct subspecies that warrant different
monitoring approaches. For some species, it may also be necessary
to identify populations that are discreet or might otherwise require
different monitoring methods. For example, the Golden Eagle occurs
throughout North America as one subspecies (Aquila chrysaetos
canadensis), so subspecies can be ignored. However, the population
in eastern North America is discreet from western populations,
and might need to be considered independently for monitoring purposes.
Subspecies designations will be available from a number of sources
(e.g., AOU 1957, Brown and Amadon 1968, del Hoyo et al. 1994).
If designations differ between sources, it will be up to you to
decide which is most appropriate. If you must make such a decision,
indicate why you selected a particular source.
2. Distribution or Range
 It
will be necessary to include one or more range maps for your species.
You may produce a single range map to delineate breeding and wintering
areas, migration paths, and subspecies distributions; or you may
produce separate range maps for different subspecies, seasons,
etc. If range maps differ among sources, it will be up to you
to determine which is most accurate. This may require contacts
with biologists in areas where there is conflicting information.
You may have to consider creating your own range map if sources
vary extensively or if all available information has not been
considered in the maps you examine. We have provided a base map
template for your use. It is the same base map used in the BNA
accounts. Please download (or call us for a copy of this map).
Draw the appropriate range boundary(s) and send the paper version
to Kirk Bates. Kirk will create an electronic digital map from
your drawing.
3. Annual Cycle
 Your
work on the range map will establish whether your species is resident
across all or part of its range, or is migratory.You will also need
to consider other factors concerning its annual activities.For example,
is the species nomadic or irruptive?Does it experience regular population
fluctuations due to prey cycles?Does it seek lower elevations in
the winter?Does it roost communally in the winter?When do annual
movements occur?When does it breed? These
factors might relate directly to the species' detectability (i.e.,
when and under what circumstances it is most productive to conduct
surveys). The annual cycle should be summarized in the basic figure
used in BNA chapters. We will provide the template to you.
 Blank
template to download. You should individually mark (for each
species) a paper copy of this template and send it to Kirk Bates
for preparation in electronic form. (Click on template for full
size).
a. Breeding
Detectability of your species will probably vary
during the breeding period. For example, some raptors are not
easily detected during incubation, when birds sit quietly on their
eggs for long periods, compared to brood rearing, when they make
frequent trips to the nest with food. Also, some raptors (e.g.,
eagles and Buteo) build large nests and are conspicuous during
courtship and breeding. Others (e.g., ground-nesters) are inconspicuous.
Thus it will be necessary to consider the exact timing of breeding
as well as breeding behavior.
1. Breeding Season Schedule
If possible, beginning and ending dates for each
of the following activity periods should be established for your
species: courtship, egg-laying, brood-rearing, fledging, and post-fledging.
You should also indicate which periods are best for monitoring.
Dates probably will vary by latitude and elevation, so it may
be useful to plot similar dates for specific breeding events on
an isocline map. [Loren is looking for an example].
2. Daily Activity Schedule
Activities at the nest each day also can influence
detectability, and must be considered. Daily activities that affect
monitoring could include nest building, nest attendance, nest
defense, hunting, prey delivery, loafing, and interactions with
mates and other birds.
b. Migration
If your species is migratory, it will be necessary
for you to evaluate its occurrence and detectability during migration.
Some migratory species will appear regularly in migration data;
others will appear rarely. It will be up to you to determine if
your species likely can be monitored effectively during migration
(see Lewis and Gould 2000).
1. Timing
First, establish the dates of migration. Departure
and arrival dates from and to breeding and wintering areas may
vary among the sexes, among birds of different ages, and among
geographic areas. You will need to evaluate each of these factors,
and possibly other factors, as they relate to monitoring. As with
breeding events, an isocline map may be useful to delineate migration
dates at various migrant concentration sites, latitudes, etc..
2. Routes
Provided that good migration data are available
for your species, you will also need to describe the routes and
flyways. As with the timing of migration, the migration pathways
used may vary among birds of different ages, among geographic
areas, seasons, etc.
c. Winter or Austral Summer
Species that are not resident across their range
might be good candidates for monitoring during winter or austral
summer (south of the equator). Bald Eagles, for example often congregate
in large numbers during winter, especially near permanent water
bodies. On that basis the species has been surveyed on its wintering
grounds since the late 1970s. Does your species congregate in winter,
roost or feed communally, occur in specific habitats, or is it otherwise
easily detected at this time of the year? If so, discuss the species'
winter habits as they might relate to monitoring.
4. Habitat Associations
Habitat associations will be critical to developing
recommendations for monitoring. A species might use different habitats
during different seasons of the year, and while engaged in different
activities (nesting, foraging, loafing, roosting, etc.). Also, different
subspecies and populations might use very different habitats. You
will need to consider habitat use carefully before making recommendations
about monitoring. A rule-of thumb here would be to evaluate habitat
use in as much detail as is necessary to ensure that surveys for
your species occur in places where they are likely to occur regularly.
For example, addressing habitat use by broad categories (e.g., grassland,
shrubland, woodland) might suffice for your species. Woodland species,
on the other hand, might select different forest types (e.g., deciduous,
mixed-coniferous, riparian, seral, or climax) for different activities
or at different times of the year. Thus, the level of resolution
needed with regard to habitat use may vary among species accounts.
Be sure to identify current gaps in survey effort in important habitats,
landscapes, or ecosystems.
5. Behavior
Above, we have considered behavior in a variety
of contexts. Here, we remind you that your species may exhibit other
behaviors that are relevant to monitoring (e.g., see Hardy and Morrison
2000). It is up to you to evaluate, present, and discuss all such
behavior. LITERATURE CITED
American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list
of North American Birds, (5th ed.).Washington, D.C.
Ayers, L.W., P.F. Schempf, and S.H. Anderson. 1999.
Strategies for monitoring Merlin (Falco columbarius) populations
in North America.
Bonney, R., D., N. Pashley, R.J. Cooper, and L. Niles,
eds. 1999. Strategies for bird conservation: the Partners In Flight
planning process. Cornell Lab. Ornith. http://birds.cornell.edu/pifcapemay
Brown, L., and D. Amadon. 1968. Eagles, hawks, and
falcons of the world.Country Life Books, London.945pp.
del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (eds.).
1994. Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 2:new world vultures
to guineafowl.Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.638pp.
del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (eds.).
1994. Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5:barn owls to hummingbirds.Lynx
Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.638pp.
Dunn, E. H. and J.R. Sauer. 1997. Monitoring Canadian
bird population with winter counts. Pages 49-55 in Dunn, E.H., M.D.
Cadman, andJ. Bruce Falls, eds. Monitoring bird populations: the
Canadian experience. Canadian Wildlifi Service, Occassional Paper
95.
Fuller, M.R., D. Bystrak, C.S. Robbins, and R.M. Patterson.
1987. Trends in American Kestrel counts from the North American
Breeding Bird Survey.Pages 22-27 in D.M. Bird, R. Bowman,
eds.The Ancestral Kestrel.Raptor Research Reports 6.Raptor Res.
Found. and MacDonald Raptor Res. Center, McGill Univ.
Gibbs, J.P. 2000. Monitoring populations. Pages 253-287
in L. Boitani and T.K. Fuller, eds. Research techniques in animal
ecology: controversies and consequences. Columbia U. Press, NY.
Hardy, P.C., and M.L. Morrison. 2000. Factors affecting
the detection of elf owls and western screech owls.Wildl. Soc. Bull.
28:333-342.
Johnsgard, P.A. 1988. North American owls:biology
and natural history.Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C.295pp.
Johnsgard, P.A. 1990. Hawks, eagles, and falcons of
North America:biology and natural history.Smithsonian Institute
Press, Washington, D.C.403pp.
Koford, R.R., J.B. Dunning, Jr., C.A. Ribic, and D.M.
Finch. 1994. A glossary for avian conservation biology.Wilson Bull.106:121-137.
Lewis, S.A., and W.R. Gould. 2000. Survey effort effects
on power to detect trends in raptor migration counts.Wildl. Society
Bull. 28:317-329.
Palmer, R.S.1988.Handbook of North American birds,
vol. 4:diurnal raptors (part 1).Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Conn.433pp.
Palmer, R.S. 1988. Handbook of North American birds,
vol. 4:diurnal raptors (part 2).Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Conn.465pp.
Peterjohn, B.G., and J.R. Sauer. 1994. Population
trends of woodland birds from the North American Breeding Bird Survey.
Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22:155-164.
Peterjohn, B.G., J.R. Sauer, and C.S. Robbins. 1995.
The North American Breeding Bird Survey and population trends of
neotropical migrant birds. Pages 3-39 in T. E Martin and D. Finch,
eds. Neotropical migrant birds, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Ralph, C.J. 1981. Terminology used in estimating numbers
of birds.Pp. 577-578 In C.J. Ralph, and J.M. Scott, eds.Estimating
Numbers of Terrestrial Birds.Studies in Avian Biology 6.
Snyder, N., and H. Snyder. 1991. Birds of prey:natural
history and conservation of North American raptors. Voyageur Press,
Stillwater, Minn.224pp.
APPENDIX I
Website and Other
Addresses for NARMS Cooperators
Return to Guidelines text
APPENDIX II
Completed Birds of North America
Chapters for Raptors
| Chapter # |
Authors |
Year |
Species |
|
| 602 |
Smallwood and Bird |
2002 |
American Kestrel |
|
| 549 |
Keddy-Hector |
2000 |
Aplomado Falcon |
|
| 506 |
Buehler |
2000 |
Bald Eagle |
|
| 1 |
Marti |
1992 |
Barn Owl |
|
| 508 |
Mazur, James |
2000 |
Barred Owl |
|
| 411 |
Buckley |
2000 |
Black Vulture |
|
| 63 |
Hayward |
1993 |
Boreal Owl |
|
| 218 |
Goodrich, Crocoll, Senner |
1996
|
Broad-winged Hawk |
|
| 61 |
Haug, Millsap, Martell |
1993
|
Burrowing Owl |
|
| 610 |
Snyder, Schmitt |
2002 |
California Condor |
|
| 122 |
Schnell |
1994 |
Common Black Hawk |
|
| 75
|
Rosenfield, Bielefeldt |
1993
|
Cooper's Hawk |
|
| 249 |
Morrison
|
1996
|
Crested Caracara |
|
| 165 |
Gehlbach |
1995 |
Eastern Screech-owl |
|
| 413 |
Henry, Gelbach |
1999 |
Elf Owl |
|
| 172
|
Bechard, Schmutz |
1995 |
Ferruginous Hawk |
|
| 498 |
Proudfoot, Johnson |
2000 |
Ferruginous Pygmy-owl |
|
| 93 |
McCallum |
1994 |
Flammulated Owl |
|
| 684 |
Kochert, Steenhof, McIntyre and
Craig |
2003 |
Golden Eagle |
|
| 652 |
Bibles, Glinski, and Johnson |
2002 |
Gray Hawk |
|
| 41 |
Bull, Duncan |
1993
|
Great Gray Owl |
|
| 372 |
Houston, Smith, Rohner |
1998 |
Great Horned Owl |
|
| 114
|
Clum, Cade |
1994
|
Gyrfalcon |
|
| 146
|
Bednarz
|
1995
|
Harris' Hawk |
|
| 523 |
Clarkson, Laniawe |
2000 |
Hawaiian Hawk |
|
| 133 |
Marks, Evans, Holt |
1994 |
Long-eared Owl |
|
| 44 |
Sodhi, Oliphant, James, Warkentin |
1993
|
Merlin |
|
| 402 |
Parker
|
1999
|
Mississippi Kite |
|
| 298
|
Squires, Reynolds |
1997 |
Northern Goshawk |
|
| 210 |
MacWhirter, Bildstein |
1996
|
Northern Harrier |
|
| 356 |
Duncan, Duncan |
1998 |
Northern Hawk Owl |
|
| 494 |
Holt, Petersen |
2000 |
Northern Pygmy-owl |
|
| 42 |
Cannings |
1993 |
Northern Saw-whet Owl |
|
| 683 |
Poole, Bierregaard, and Martell |
2003 |
Osprey |
|
| 660 |
White, Clum, Cade and Hunt |
2002 |
Peregrine Falcon |
|
| 346 |
Steenhof
|
1998
|
Prairie Falcon |
|
| 107 |
Crocoll
|
1994
|
Red-shouldered Hawk |
|
| 482 |
Bildstein, Meyer |
2000 |
Sharp-shinned Hawk |
|
| 52 |
Preston, Beane |
1993 |
Red-tailed Hawk |
|
| 641 |
Bechard and Swem |
2002 |
Rough-legged Hawk |
|
| 62 |
Holt, Leasure |
1993
|
Short-eared Owl |
|
| 674 |
Miller and Meyer |
2002 |
Short-tailed Hawk |
|
| 171
|
Sykes, Rodgers, Bennetts |
1995
|
Snail Kite |
|
| 10 |
Parmalee
|
1992
|
Snowy Owl |
|
| 179 |
Gutiérrez,
Franklin, Lahaye |
1995 |
Spotted Owl |
|
| 265 |
England, Bechard, Houston |
1997
|
Swainson's Hawk |
|
| 138
|
Meyer
|
1995
|
Swallow-tailed Kite |
|
| 399 |
Kirk, Mossman |
1998 |
Turkey Vulture |
|
| 597 |
Cannings and Angell |
2001 |
Western Screech-Owl |
|
| 507 |
Gehlbach, Gehlbach |
2000 |
Whiskered Screech-owl |
|
| 30 |
Farquhar
|
1992
|
White-tailed Hawk |
|
| 178
|
Dunk |
1995
|
White-tailed Kite |
|
| 529 |
Johnson, Glinski, Matteson |
2000 |
Zone-tailed Hawk |
|
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